diff --git a/package.json b/package.json
index af587171..28e27bc9 100644
--- a/package.json
+++ b/package.json
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@
     "smoke:openclaw-docker-ui": "./scripts/smoke/openclaw-docker-ui.sh",
     "smoke:openclaw-sse-standalone": "./scripts/smoke/openclaw-sse-standalone.sh",
     "smoke:terminal-bench-loop-skill": "node scripts/smoke/terminal-bench-loop-skill-smoke.mjs",
-    "test:release-registry": "node --test scripts/verify-release-registry-state.test.mjs scripts/release-package-map.test.mjs scripts/check-release-package-bootstrap.test.mjs scripts/check-no-git-push.test.mjs",
+    "test:release-registry": "node --test scripts/verify-release-registry-state.test.mjs scripts/release-package-map.test.mjs scripts/check-release-package-bootstrap.test.mjs scripts/check-no-git-push.test.mjs scripts/release-lib.test.mjs",
     "test:e2e": "npx playwright test --config tests/e2e/playwright.config.ts",
     "test:e2e:headed": "npx playwright test --config tests/e2e/playwright.config.ts --headed",
     "test:e2e:multiuser-authenticated": "npx playwright test --config tests/e2e/playwright-multiuser-authenticated.config.ts",
diff --git a/scripts/release-lib.sh b/scripts/release-lib.sh
index 1befae9e..240725e3 100644
--- a/scripts/release-lib.sh
+++ b/scripts/release-lib.sh
@@ -263,6 +263,55 @@ wait_for_npm_package_version() {
   return 1
 }
 
+is_npm_tlog_duplicate_error() {
+  local output="$1"
+
+  grep -q "TLOG_CREATE_ENTRY_ERROR" <<< "$output" &&
+    grep -q "equivalent entry already exists in the transparency log" <<< "$output"
+}
+
+publish_package_to_npm() {
+  local dist_tag="$1"
+  local package_name="$2"
+  local package_version="$3"
+  local publish_log
+
+  publish_log="$(mktemp "${TMPDIR:-/tmp}/paperclip-npm-publish.XXXXXX")"
+
+  if (set -o pipefail; pnpm publish --no-git-checks --tag "$dist_tag" --access public 2>&1 | tee "$publish_log"); then
+    rm -f "$publish_log"
+    return 0
+  fi
+
+  if ! is_npm_tlog_duplicate_error "$(cat "$publish_log")"; then
+    rm -f "$publish_log"
+    return 1
+  fi
+
+  release_warn "npm publish hit a duplicate Sigstore transparency-log entry for ${package_name}@${package_version}."
+
+  if npm_package_version_exists "$package_name" "$package_version"; then
+    release_warn "npm already exposes ${package_name}@${package_version}; continuing to registry verification."
+    rm -f "$publish_log"
+    return 0
+  fi
+
+  if [ "$dist_tag" != "canary" ]; then
+    release_warn "Not retrying ${package_name}@${package_version} without provenance for dist-tag ${dist_tag}."
+    rm -f "$publish_log"
+    return 1
+  fi
+
+  release_warn "Retrying ${package_name}@${package_version} once with npm provenance disabled."
+  if pnpm publish --no-git-checks --tag "$dist_tag" --access public --provenance=false; then
+    rm -f "$publish_log"
+    return 0
+  fi
+
+  rm -f "$publish_log"
+  return 1
+}
+
 wait_for_release_registry_state() {
   local attempts="${1:-12}"
   local delay_seconds="${2:-5}"
diff --git a/scripts/release-lib.test.mjs b/scripts/release-lib.test.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..fcaf52e6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/scripts/release-lib.test.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,163 @@
+import assert from "node:assert/strict";
+import { execFileSync } from "node:child_process";
+import { mkdirSync, mkdtempSync, readFileSync, writeFileSync } from "node:fs";
+import { tmpdir } from "node:os";
+import { join } from "node:path";
+import test from "node:test";
+
+const repoRoot = new URL("..", import.meta.url).pathname.replace(/\/$/, "");
+
+function writeExecutable(path, body) {
+  writeFileSync(path, body, { mode: 0o755 });
+}
+
+function runPublishHelper({ pnpmMode, npmVersionExists = false, distTag = "canary", callerPipefail = true }) {
+  const fixtureDir = mkdtempSync(join(tmpdir(), "paperclip-release-lib-"));
+  const binDir = join(fixtureDir, "bin");
+  const stateDir = join(fixtureDir, "state");
+  const callLog = join(fixtureDir, "calls.log");
+  mkdirSync(binDir);
+  mkdirSync(stateDir);
+
+  writeExecutable(
+    join(binDir, "pnpm"),
+    `#!/usr/bin/env bash
+set -euo pipefail
+printf 'pnpm %s\\n' "$*" >> "$FAKE_CALL_LOG"
+case "$PNPM_MODE" in
+  success)
+    echo "published"
+    exit 0
+    ;;
+  tlog-then-success)
+    if [ ! -f "$FAKE_STATE_DIR/pnpm-called" ]; then
+      touch "$FAKE_STATE_DIR/pnpm-called"
+      echo "npm error code TLOG_CREATE_ENTRY_ERROR"
+      echo "npm error error creating tlog entry - (409) an equivalent entry already exists in the transparency log with UUID abc"
+      exit 1
+    fi
+    case " $* " in
+      *" --provenance=false "*)
+        echo "published without provenance"
+        exit 0
+        ;;
+      *)
+        echo "retry did not disable provenance"
+        exit 1
+        ;;
+    esac
+    ;;
+  tlog-always-fails)
+    echo "npm error code TLOG_CREATE_ENTRY_ERROR"
+    echo "npm error error creating tlog entry - (409) an equivalent entry already exists in the transparency log with UUID abc"
+    exit 1
+    ;;
+  non-tlog-failure)
+    echo "npm error code E500"
+    exit 1
+    ;;
+esac
+exit 1
+`,
+  );
+
+  writeExecutable(
+    join(binDir, "npm"),
+    `#!/usr/bin/env bash
+set -euo pipefail
+printf 'npm %s\\n' "$*" >> "$FAKE_CALL_LOG"
+if [ "$1" = "view" ] && [ "$NPM_VERSION_EXISTS" = "true" ]; then
+  echo "1.2.3"
+  exit 0
+fi
+exit 1
+`,
+  );
+
+  const shellOptions = callerPipefail ? "set -euo pipefail" : "set -eu";
+  const script = `
+${shellOptions}
+source "${repoRoot}/scripts/release-lib.sh"
+publish_package_to_npm ${distTag} @paperclipai/example 1.2.3
+`;
+
+  let status = 0;
+  let output = "";
+  try {
+    output = execFileSync("bash", ["-lc", script], {
+      cwd: fixtureDir,
+      encoding: "utf8",
+      env: {
+        ...process.env,
+        PATH: `${binDir}:${process.env.PATH}`,
+        FAKE_CALL_LOG: callLog,
+        FAKE_STATE_DIR: stateDir,
+        NPM_VERSION_EXISTS: npmVersionExists ? "true" : "false",
+        PNPM_MODE: pnpmMode,
+        REPO_ROOT: fixtureDir,
+      },
+      stdio: ["ignore", "pipe", "pipe"],
+    });
+  } catch (error) {
+    status = error.status ?? 1;
+    output = `${error.stdout ?? ""}${error.stderr ?? ""}`;
+  }
+
+  return {
+    calls: readFileSync(callLog, "utf8"),
+    output,
+    status,
+  };
+}
+
+test("publish_package_to_npm returns after a successful pnpm publish", () => {
+  const result = runPublishHelper({ pnpmMode: "success" });
+
+  assert.equal(result.status, 0);
+  assert.match(result.calls, /^pnpm publish --no-git-checks --tag canary --access public$/m);
+  assert.doesNotMatch(result.calls, /npm view/);
+  assert.doesNotMatch(result.calls, /--provenance=false/);
+});
+
+test("publish_package_to_npm retries duplicate tlog failures without provenance", () => {
+  const result = runPublishHelper({ pnpmMode: "tlog-then-success" });
+
+  assert.equal(result.status, 0);
+  assert.match(result.calls, /^npm view @paperclipai\/example@1\.2\.3 version$/m);
+  assert.match(
+    result.calls,
+    /^pnpm publish --no-git-checks --tag canary --access public --provenance=false$/m,
+  );
+});
+
+test("publish_package_to_npm treats a duplicate tlog failure as complete when npm exposes the version", () => {
+  const result = runPublishHelper({ pnpmMode: "tlog-always-fails", npmVersionExists: true });
+
+  assert.equal(result.status, 0);
+  assert.match(result.calls, /^npm view @paperclipai\/example@1\.2\.3 version$/m);
+  assert.doesNotMatch(result.calls, /--provenance=false/);
+});
+
+test("publish_package_to_npm does not retry unrelated publish failures", () => {
+  const result = runPublishHelper({ pnpmMode: "non-tlog-failure" });
+
+  assert.notEqual(result.status, 0);
+  assert.doesNotMatch(result.calls, /npm view/);
+  assert.doesNotMatch(result.calls, /--provenance=false/);
+});
+
+test("publish_package_to_npm does not mask failures when caller has no pipefail", () => {
+  const result = runPublishHelper({ pnpmMode: "non-tlog-failure", callerPipefail: false });
+
+  assert.notEqual(result.status, 0);
+  assert.doesNotMatch(result.calls, /npm view/);
+  assert.doesNotMatch(result.calls, /--provenance=false/);
+});
+
+test("publish_package_to_npm does not retry stable publishes without provenance", () => {
+  const result = runPublishHelper({ pnpmMode: "tlog-then-success", distTag: "latest" });
+
+  assert.notEqual(result.status, 0);
+  assert.match(result.calls, /^npm view @paperclipai\/example@1\.2\.3 version$/m);
+  assert.doesNotMatch(result.calls, /--provenance=false/);
+});
diff --git a/scripts/release.sh b/scripts/release.sh
index 35da947d..aa394e91 100755
--- a/scripts/release.sh
+++ b/scripts/release.sh
@@ -258,7 +258,7 @@ else
     [ -z "$pkg_dir" ] && continue
     release_info "  Publishing $pkg_name@$pkg_version"
     cd "$REPO_ROOT/$pkg_dir"
-    pnpm publish --no-git-checks --tag "$DIST_TAG" --access public
+    publish_package_to_npm "$DIST_TAG" "$pkg_name" "$pkg_version"
   done <<< "$VERSIONED_PACKAGE_INFO"
   release_info "  ✓ Published all packages under dist-tag $DIST_TAG"
 fi